Ch 4 · DTAA & International Taxation

⭐ Important points (exam-critical)

• ⭐Multilateral Instrument (MLI) modifies existing treaties — Principal Purpose Test (PPT) introduced.
• ⭐GAAR (Sec 95-102) — invokes anti-avoidance for arrangements lacking commercial substance.
• ⭐Equalization Levy: 2% on e-commerce operators (non-resident) for specified supplies.
• ⭐BEPS Action Plans — significant 2024 updates (Pillar 1 & Pillar 2 global minimum tax 15%).